Acronyms, Abbreviations, Definitions and Symbols used in Education in Tulare County

AA	Affirmative Action Alcoholics Anonymous Associate of Arts
AAAS	American Association for the Advancement of Science
AACJC	American Association of Community and Junior Colleges
AACTE	American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education
AAHPERD	American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
AASA	American Association of School Administrators
AASL	American Association of School Librarians
AASPA	American Association of School Personnel Administrators
AAU	Amateur Athletic Union Association of American Universities
AAUW	American Association of University Women
AB xxxx	Assembly Bill no. xxxx, State of California
AB 1200	Assembly bill effective for budget year 1992-93 providing for single- and dual-budget adoption schedules subject to district/county office choice; public disclosure of collective bargaining agreements before signing; districts must certify to multi-year financial condition; county offices given greater authority in approval or disapproval of district budgets
ACE	Assessments in Career Education
ACEI	Association for Childhood Education International
ACI	Academic and Career Integration
ACLU	American Civil Liberties Union
ACSA	Association of California School Administrators
ACSE	Advisory Commission on Special Education
ACT	American College Testing Program
ADA	Americans with Disabilities Act
a.d.a.	Average Daily Attendance
ADAPT	Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevent Task Force
ADD	Attention Deficit Disorder
ADHD	Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
A of E	Association of Educators
AEA	Adult Education Association
AECT	Association for Educational Communications and Technology
AEOE	Association of Environmental and Outdoor Educators
AERA	American Educational Research Association
AFDC	Aid for Families with Dependent Children
AFL/CIO	American Federation of Labor/Congress of Industrial Relations
AFS	American Field Service
AFT	American Federation of Teachers
AIAA	American Industrial Arts Association
AIDS	Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome
AIT	Agency for Instructional Television
ALA	American Library Association
AMA	American Management Association American Medical Association
AMAE	Association of Mexican-American Educators
AMEG	Association for Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
AOD	Alcohol and Other Drugs
AOTE	Associated Organizations for Teacher Education
AP	Advanced Placement Alternative Payment Associated Press
APE	Adapted Physical Education
APGA	American Personnel and Guidance Association
API	Academic Performance Index
APY	Accounts Payable
ARC	Association of Retarded Citizens
ASBO	Association of School Business Officials of the United States and Canada
ASCA	American School Counselor Association
ASCD	Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
ASHA	American School Health Association American Speech and Hearing Association
ASP	After School Learning and Safe Neighborhoods Partnership Program
ASPIRE	(Project Aspire) Achieving Standards of Performance to Implement Reform in Education
ASR	Academic Standards and Resources
ATE	Association of Teacher Educators
AV	Assessed Valuation Audio Visual
AVA	American Vocational Association
AVID	Advancement Via Individual Determination
AYH	American Youth Hostels
AYP	Adequate Yearly Progress
BA	Bachelor of Arts
BAC	Bilingual Advisory Committee (School Site)
BASC	Business Administrators Steering Committee
BCC	Bilingual Certificate of Competence
BCLAD	Bilingual Cross-cultural Language and Academic Development Certification
BCA	Boy’s Club of America
BFE	Board of Fundamental Education
BIA	Building Industry Association Bureau of Indian Affairs
BSA	Boy Scouts of America
BTSA	Beginning Teacher Support and Assessment
BTRP	Bilingual Teacher Recruitment Program
BTTP	Bilingual Teacher Training Program (BTTP-9 includes the 7 counties in Region 9: Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus and Tulare)
CA	Coordinating Agency
CAAE	California Alliance for Arts in Education
CAASFEP	California Association of Administrators for the State and Federal Education Programs
CABE	California Association of Bilingual Education
CAC	California Administrative Code California Arts Council Community Advisory Council/Committee Comprehensive Assistance Center
CACE	California Association of Childhood Education California Association of Compensatory Education
CACER	California Advisory Council on Educational Research
CADPE	Comprehensive Alcohol Drug Prevention Program (this program now obsolete)
CAEA	California Art Education Association
CAEOE	California Association of Educational Office Employees
CAEYC	California Association for the Education of Young Children
CAG	California Association of the Gifted
CAHSEE	California High School Exit Examination
CAHPERD	California Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
CAI	Computer-Assisted Instruction
CAJPA	California Association of Joint Powers Authorities
CAL-OSHA	California Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Cal-SAFE	California School Age Families Education
CalSERVE	K-12 Service Learning Initiative
CALSPRA	California School Public Relations Association
CalWorks	Replaces GAIN Program
CAN	Child Abuse and Neglect Prevention Project
CANEC	California Network of Educational Charters
CAO	Chief Administrative Official
CAP	California Assessment Program (or FedCAP) Federal Corrective Action Plan
CAPE	California Association of Program Evaluators
CAROCP	California Association of Regional Occupational Centers and Programs
CASBO	California Association of School Business Officials
CASCD	California Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development
CASCWA	California Association of Supervisors of Child Welfare and Attendance
CASE	Council of Administrators of Special Education Council for the Advancement of Secondary Education
CASEMIS	California Special Education Management Information System
CAT	California Achievement Test
CATE	California Association of Teachers of English
CATESOL	California Association of Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
CAWEE	California Association of Work Experience Educators
CAEYC	California Association for the Education of Young Children
CB	Center-Based
CBEA	California Business Education Association
CBEDS	California Basic Educational Data System
CBEST	California Basic Education Skills Test
CBET	Community-Based English Tutoring
CBO	Chief Business Official Community-Based Organization
CCA	California Curriculum Alliance
CCAE	California Council of Adult Educators
CCBE	California County Boards of Education
CCC	California Community College
CCCC	California Curriculum Correlating Council
CCDBG	Child Care and Development Block Grant
CCEA	California Community Education Association
CCETC	Central California Educational Technology Consortium
CCHE	California Coordinating Council for Higher Education
CCPT	California Congress of Parents and Teachers
CCR	California Code of Regulations Coordinated Compliance Review
CCS	California Children’s Services
CCSESA	California County Superintendents Educational Services Association
CCSS	California Council for the Social Studies
CCSSO	Council of Chief State School Officials
CDC	Child Development Center
CDD	Child Development Division
CDE	California Department of Education Child Day of Enrollment
CDS	County/District/School code
CDVE	California Directors of Vocational Education
CEC	Council for Exceptional Children
CEEB	College Entrance Examination Board
CELDT	California English Language Development Test
CEQA	California Environmental Quality Act
CER	Community Educational Resources
CETA	Comprehensive Employment Training Act
CFIR	Curriculum Frameworks and Instructional Resources
CFNLP	California Friday Night Live Partnership
CFR	Code of Federal Regulations
CH	Communicatively Handicapped
CHAMPUS	Civilian Health and Medical Program for Uniformed Services
CHDPP	Child Health and Disability Prevention Program
CHEA	California Home Economics Association
CHEP	Community Home Education Program
CHSA	California Head Start Association
CHSPE	California High School Proficiency Examination
C & I	Curriculum and Instruction
CIEA	California Industrial Education Council
CIAU	Curriculum, Instruction and Assessment Unit
CIF	California Interscholastic Federation
CIL	Curriculum and Instructional Leadership
CISC	Curriculum and Instruction Steering Committee (formerly CSSC)
CFF	Classroom of the Future Foundation
CFT	California Federation of Teachers
CLA	California Library Association
CLAD	Cross-cultural Language and Academic Development Certification
CLAS	California Learning Assessment System
CLRN	California Learning Resource Network
CMC	California Math Council
CMEA	California Music Educators Association
CNC	Child Nutrition Consultant
COBRA	Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act
CODA	Cash or Deferred Arrangement [tax deferred under Section 401(k)]
COE	County Office of Education
COLA	Cost of Living Adjustment
COMBO	Combined Arts and Education Council
CO-OP	Cooperative program comprises districts with less than $75,000 total funding; TCOE administers and submits consolidated categorical aid program application on behalf of the member districts
COP	Committee of Practitioners (Title I)
COSA	California Outdoor School Administrators
CPA	California Partnership Academies Certified Public Accountant
CPEC	California Postsecondary Education Commission
CPGA	California Personnel and Guidance Association
CRA	California Reading Association
CRLP	California Reading and Literature Project Comprehensive Reading Leadership Program
CRP	College Readiness Project Content Review Panel
CRT	Criterion Referenced Test
CSAC	Charter School Advisory Committee
CSBA	California School Boards Association
CSEA	California School Employees Association California State Employees Association
C-SET	Community Services for Education and Training
CSET	California Subject Examinations for Teachers
CSF-CEC	California State Federation-Council for Exceptional Children
CSFSA	California School Food Service Association
CSHA	California Speech-Language-Hearing Association
CSIS	California School Information Services
CSLA	California School Leadership Academy
CSNO	California School Nurses Organization
CSPCA	California School Personnel Commissioners Association
CSPTA	California State Parent Teacher Association
CSR	Charter School Research Class Size Reduction
CSRD	Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration
CSSC	County State Steering Committee (name changed to CISC)
CSSF	County School Service Fund
CTA	California Teachers Association
CTAP	California Technology Assistance Project
CTBS	California Test of Basic Skills
CTC	Commission on Teacher Credentialing
CTF	California Telecommunications Fund
CTL	Commission on Technology in Learning
CTPL	Commission for Teacher Preparation and Licensing
CUE	Computer-Using Educators
CVGA	California Vocational Guidance Association
CVRC	Central Valley Regional Center
CYA	California Youth Authority
DAC	District Advisory Committee/Council
DATE	Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Education
DBF (.dbf)	Database Format
DCH	Development Center for the Handicapped
DD	Developmental Disability
DHS	Digital High School (Grants)
DIRECT SERVICE DISTRICTS	Direct service districts (ADA less than 900) receive direct assistance from TCOE, including service by instructional consultants
DIS	Designated Instructional Services
DOE	Department of Education (Federal) Doe Avenue (TCOE complex)
DOL	Department of Labor
DOSE	Director of Special Education
DP	Data Processing
DPSS	Department of Public Social Services
DR	Department of Rehabilitation
DS3	Phone Service rated at 28 T1 lines
EAP	Employee Assistance Program
EAS	Educational Assessment Service
EC	Education Code
ECE	Early Childhood Education
ECIA	Education Consolidation and Improvement Act
ECT	Educational Consultant Team
ECTL	Education Council for Technology and Learning
ED	Emotionally Disturbed
EDC	Economic Development Corporation
EDD	Employment Development Department
EDU-TECH	Employment Technology-Multi-Media Impact Center
EDY	Educationally Disadvantaged Youth
EEC	Educational Enrichment Center
EEOC	Equal Educational Opportunities Commission Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
EHS	Early Head Start
EIA/SCE	Economic Impact Aid/State Compensatory Education
EIR	Environmental Impact Report
EL	English Learner
ELAP	English Language Acquisition Program
ELD	English Language Development
ELIL	English Language and Intensive Literacy Program
ELM	Entry Level Math
ELP	English Language Placement
EMEC	Educational Management and Evaluation Commission
EMRIC	Educational Media Research Information Center
EO	English Only
EOA	Equal Opportunity Act
EOC	Equal Opportunity in the Classroom
EPA	Educational Program Auditing Environmental Protection Agency
EPT	English Placement Test
ERAF	Educational Revenue Augmentation Fund
ERS	Educational Resource Services
E-Rate	Education Discount for Telecommunications Services
ESAA	Emergency School Aid Act
ESEA/IASA	Elementary/Secondary Education Act
ESL	English as a Second Language
ESLR	Expected Schoolwide Learning Results
ETAC	Education Technology Advisory Committee
ETN	Educational Telecommunications Network
ETS	Educational Testing Service
ETV	Educational Television
FACS	Financial Accounting Control System
FAME	Film and Media Educators
FAPE	Free Appropriate Public Education
FAQ	Frequently Asked Questions
FBG	Federal Block Grant
FBLA	Future Business Leaders of America
FCC	Federal Communications Commission
FCMAT	Financial Crisis Management Assistance Team
FEP	Fluent-English Proficient
FFA	Future Farmers of America
FHA	Federal Housing Authority Future Homemakers of America
FICA	Federal Insurance Contributions Act
FIS	Financial Information System
FIT	Federal Income Tax
FNL	Friday Night Live (drug use prevention program)
FOL	Focus on Learning
FTA	Future Teachers of America
FTE	Full Time Equivalent
FTP	File Transfer Protocol
FY	Fiscal Year
GAIN	Greater Avenues to Independence (replaced by CalWorks)
GAO	General Accounting Office
GASB	Governmental Accounting Standards Board
GATE	Gifted and Talented Education
GC	Government Code
GCC	General Child Care
GED	General Educational Development (Test)
GIS	Geographic Information System
GPA	Grade Point Average
GRE	Graduate Record Exam
GSE	Golden State Examinations
HEART	Homework, Enrichment, Acceleration, Recreation and Teamwork (after-school program)
HILT	High-Intensity Language Training
HIV	Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HLAY, 2000	Here's Looking at You, 2000 (drug use prevention training curriculum)
HLS	Home Language Survey
HMO	Health Maintenance Organization
HOPE	Home Oriented Preschool Education
HOX	Homeowners Exemption
HPS	High Performing School
HR	Human Resources
HR xxxx	U.S. House of Representatives Bill no. xxxx
HRD	Department of Human Resources Development
HS	Head Start
HSASP	Healthy Start and After School Partnerships
HSEE	High School Exit Exam
HTML	Hypertext Markup Language
HUD	Department of Housing and Urban Development
IA	Interagency Agreement
IASA	Improving America’s Schools Act
IB	International Baccalaureate
IDEA	Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
IDF	Infant Discretionary Funds
IEP	Individualized Education Plan
IHE	Institute of Higher Education
IIA	Individualized Instruction Association
II-USP	Immediate Intervention/Underperforming Schools Program
IMDC	Instructional Materials Display Center
IMS	Information Management Services
IQ	Intelligence Quotient
IRA	Individual Retirement Account International Reading Association Irish Republic Army
IRC	Instructional Resource Center
IS	Information Systems
ITFS	Instructional Television Fixed Service
ITV	Instructional Television
JA	Junior Achievement
JCCASAC	Juvenile Court, Community, and Alternative School Administrators of California
JCCS	Juvenile Court and Community Schools
JPA	Joint Powers Agreement Joint Powers Authority
JTPA	Job Training Partnership Act Job Training Placement Act
LC	Language Census
LCI	Licensed Children’s Institute
LD	Learning Disabled
LEA	Local Educational Agency
LEP	Limited English Proficient
LES/NES	Limited-English Speaking/Non-English Speaking
LPS	Low Performing School
LRE	Least Restrictive Environment
LRET	Learning Resources and Educational Technology
MA	Master of Arts
MAPA	Mexican-American Political Alliance
MAPS	Manpower Area Planning Systems
MAR	Monitor and Review
MAST	Mathematics and Science Technology Academy
MAT	Management Assistance Team
MBA	Masters in Business Administration
ME	Migrant Education
MECCA	Media Education of California Association
MECHA	Movimento Estudiante Chicano de Aztlan (Chicano Student Movement in Aztlan)
MENTE	Migrant Engaged in New Themes in Education
MGM	Mentally Gifted Minor
MHS	Migrant Head Start
MIS	Management Information System
MLC	Maple Learning Complex
M & O	Maintenance and Operations
MOU	Memorandum of Understanding
MRA	Minimum Reimbursable Amount Maximum Reimbursable Amount
MSAT	Multiple Subjects Assessment for Teachers
MSRTS	Migrant Students Record Transfer System
MTTI	Multilingual Trainer of Trainers Institute
MTV	Mobile Technology Vehicle Music TV
MVP	Mobile Video Production
NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NAEA	National Art Education Association
NAEOP	National Association of Educational Office Personnel
NAEP	National Assessment of Educational Progress
NAESP	National Association of Elementary School Principals
NAEYC	National Association for the Education of Young Children
NAGC	National Association for Gifted Children
NAPPA	National Association of Pupil Personnel Administrators
NASA	National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASBE	National Association of State Boards of Education
NASPA	National Association of School Personnel Administrators
NATAS	National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences
NBEA	National Business Education Association
NCAA	National Collegiate Athletic Association
NCADD	National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependency
NCATE	National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
NCAWE	National Council of Administrative Women in Education
NCCPT	National Congress of Colored Parents and Teachers
NCCSR	National Committee for Community and School Relations
NCEA	National Community Education Association
NCES	National Center for Education Statistics
NCET	National Center for Educational Technology
NCLB	No Child Left Behind (Act of 2001)
NCPT	National Congress of Parents and Teachers
NCSS	National Council for the Social Studies
NCTE	National Council of Teachers of English
NCTM	National Council of Teachers of Mathematics
NCYE	National Council on Year-Round Education
N & D	Neglected and Delinquent
NDEA	National Defense Education Act
NEA	National Education Association National Endowment for the Arts
NES	Non-English Speaking
NHS	National Honor Society
NHSA	National Head Start Association
NIE	National Institute of Education Newspapers in Education
NJHS	National Junior Honor Society
NMSC	National Merit Scholarship Corporation
NPA	Nonpublic Agency
NPS	Nonpublic School Nonpublic Nonsectarian School
NRTA	National Retired Teachers Association
NSBA	National School Board Association
NSD	Nutrition Services Division
NSF	National Science Foundation
NSL	National School Lunch Program
NSPA	National Scholastic Press Association
NSPRA	National School Public Relations Association
NSTA	National Science Teachers Association
NSVP	National School Volunteer Program
NTE	National Teachers’ Exam
NYC	Neighborhood Youth Corps
OCAP	Office of Child Abuse Prevention
OCR	Office of Civil Rights
OCJP	Office of Criminal Justice Planning
OE	Outdoor Education
OH	Orthopedically Handicapped
OHI	Other Health Impaired
OLA	Office of Local Assistance
OLE	Oral Language Experience
O/M	Orientation and Mobility
OMB	Office of Management and Budget
OPSC	Office of Public School Construction
OSA	Office of State Architect
OSEP	Office of Special Education Programs
OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Act
OST	Office of School Transportation
OT	Occupational Therapy
OTP	Occupational Training Program
OTS	Office of Traffic Safety
PAR	Peer Assistance Review
PART-R	Professional Assault Response Training-Revised
PASSCo	Personnel Administrative Services Steering Committee
PC	Parent Committee
PCR	Program Compliance Review
PDC	Professional Development Center
PDF (.pdf)	Portable Document Format
PE	Physical Education
PERB	Public Employees Relations Board
PERS	Public Employees Retirement System
PH	Physically Handicapped
PI	Program Improvement
PIC	Private Industry Council
PIO	Public Information Officer
PL	Public Law
PO	Purchase Order
PPC	Program Policy Committee
PPD	Purified Protein Derivative (Tuberculin Test)
PPR	Pupil Promotion and Retention
PQR	Program Quality Review
PRE	Planning, Research and Evaluation
PRSA	Public Relations Society of America
PSA	Public Service Announcement
PSAA	Public Schools Accountability Act
PSAT	Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test
PT	Physical Therapy
PTA	Parent-Teachers Association
PT/OT	Physical Therapist/Occupational Therapist
PTSA	Parent Teacher Student Association
RAVEC	Regional Adult Vocational Education Council
R & D	Research and Development
RFA	Request for Application
R-FEP	Redesignated Fluent-English-Proficient
RFP	Request for Proposals
RICA	Reading Instruction Competence Assessment
RIE	Research in Education
RIF	Reading Is Fundamental Reduction In Force
RISE	Reform in Intermediate and Secondary Education
RL	Revenue Limit
ROC	Regional Occupational Center
ROP	Regional Occupational Program Regional Opportunity Program
R & R	Resource and Referral
RRR	Rights, Responsibilities, Respect
RSN	Reading Success Network
RSP	Resource Specialist Program
RTE	Request to Employ
RTF	Rich Text Format
S xxxx	U.S. Senate Bill no. xxxx
S4	Statewide System of School Support Project
SABE/2	Spanish Assessment of Basic Education
SAC	School Advisory Council/Committee
SACS	Standardized Account Code Structure
SARB	School Attendance Review Board
SARC	School Accountability Report Card
SAT	Scholastic Assessment Test School Assessment Team
SAT-9	Stanford Achievement Test (Stanford 9)
SAVE	Students Against Violence Everywhere
SB xxxx	Senate Bill no. xxxx, State of California
SBCP	School-Based Coordinated Program
SBE	State Board of Education
SCICON	Clemmie Gill School of Science and Conservation
SCO	State Controller's Office
SCOPE	State Committee on Public Education
SCORE	Schools of California On-Line Resources for Educators
SD	School District
SDA	Service Delivery Area
SDAIE	Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English
SDC	Special Day Class
SEA	State Education Agency
SECG	State Education Coordinating Grants
SEE	Services for Education and Employment
SELPA	Special Education Local Plan Area
SERN	Special Education Research Network
SETS	Statewide Education Technology Services
SET-TC	School Employees Trust-Tulare County
SGC	Superintendents Governance Committee
SH	Severely Handicapped
SIECUS	Sex Information and Education Council of the United States
SIP	School Improvement Program
SIS	Student Information System
SISC	Self-Insured Schools of California
SIT	State Income Tax
SLD	Severe Language Disability
SPI	Superintendent of Public Instruction
SPIN	Service Provider Number for E-Rate Services
SPS	State Preschool
SPSSC	Student Programs and Services Steering Committee
SSAT	Secondary School Admission Test
SSC	School Services of California School Site Council
SSR	Sustained Silent Reading
SST	Student Study Team
STAC	Superintendents Technology Advisory Committee
STAR	Student Theater Aimed at Resistance
STAR Program	Standardized Testing and Reporting Program
STC	School-to-Career
STW	School-to-Work
STEP	Summer Training Education Program
STRS	State Teachers Retirement System
SY	School Year
SYETP	Summer Youth Employment Training Program
T1	Phone Service Rated at 1.54mb per second (related to Internet)
T & TA	Training and Technical Assistance
TAPP	Teenaged Parenting Program
TCAYSF	Tulare County Alternative Youth Sentencing Facility
TCB	The College Board
TCBE	Tulare County Board of Education
TCCCEP	Tulare County Child Care Educational Program
TCOE	Tulare County Office of Education
TCOVE	Tulare County Organization for Vocational Education
TCSBA	Tulare County School Boards Association
TCSIG	Tulare County Schools Insurance Group (Workers’ Comp JPA)
TCSSIA	Tulare County Schools Self-Insurance Authority (P/L JPA)
TCYS	Tulare County Youth Services
TICG	Technology Innovation Challenge Grant
TIMMS	Third International Mathematics and Science Study
TIN	Tax Identification Number
Title I	Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.) Title I - Improving The Academic Achievement Of The Disadvantaged
Title III	Federal Program that specifically supports supplemental language development for English learners
TLC	Technology Literacy Challenge (Grants)
TRML	Terminal
TSA	Tax-Sheltered Annuity [tax is deferred under Section 403(b)]
TUPE	Tobacco Use Prevention Education
UCP	Uniform Complaint Procedures
USDE/USDOE	U.S. Department of Education
UNICEF	United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
UHSD	Union High School District
USD	Unified School District Union School District
USIU	United States International University
UTAC	United Teachers Association of California
VA	Veterans Administration
VAPA	Visual and Performing Arts
VCR	Videocassette Recorder
VEA	Vocational Education Act
VELT	Vocational English Language Training
VGIS	Vocational Guidance Information System
VI	Visually Impaired
VICA	Vocational Industrial Clubs of America
VIEW	Vital Information for Education and Work
VISTA	Volunteers in Service to America
VOC. ED.	Vocational Education
VSO	Vocational Student Organizations
VUSD	Visalia Unified School District
WAI	Web Accessibility Initiative
WASC	Western Association of Schools and Colleges
WWW	World Wide Web
Y2K	Year 2000 (normally relating to computer problems dealing with dates)
YEP	Youth Education Partnerships
YES	Youth Employment Services
YRE	Year Round Education
§	Symbol for "section" of federal or state codes